What are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones are solid deposits of minerals and salts that form and harden within the kidneys. Their size can vary from tiny particles to larger, more problematic structures. While smaller stones may pass naturally, larger ones often require medical intervention as they do not dissolve on their own. Although kidney stones can develop at any age, they are more commonly found in men in their 40s and 50s. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent complications such as organ damage or urinary blockages caused by renal calculi

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Identifying the Signs

Pain in the side or back below the ribs which can radiate to the lower abdomen and groin

Pain in the side or back below the ribs, which radiates to the lower abdomen and groin, is commonly associated with kidney-related conditions, but it can also have other causes

intense pain that comes and goes in waves and painful urination

Intense pain that comes and goes in waves, along with painful urination, is often a sign of kidney stones or urinary tract issues. Below are the most common causes

Pink red or brown urine that may be cloudy or foul smelling Nausea and vomiting

Pink, red, or brown urine that may be cloudy or foul-smelling, along with nausea and vomiting, suggests a serious urinary or kidney-related condition. Below are the most likely causes

A persistent need to urinate, frequent urination in small amounts, or difficulty urinating

A persistent need to urinate, frequent urination in small amounts, or difficulty urinating can indicate several urinary or bladder conditions. Below are the most likely causes

Types

Calcium Stones

Calcium stones are the most prevalent type of kidney stones, primarily made up of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. They develop when excess calcium accumulates in the urine, which may result from dietary habits, dehydration, or underlying medical conditions. Managing calcium intake and staying well-hydrated can help reduce the risk of formation.

Struvite Stones

Also known as infection stones, struvite stones form as a result of urinary tract infections (UTIs). They are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. These stones can grow rapidly and become quite large, potentially causing urinary blockages. Treating the underlying infection is essential to prevent their recurrence.

Uric Acid Stones

Uric acid stones develop when urine becomes excessively acidic, causing uric acid crystals to form. They are often linked to conditions such as gout, dehydration, or high-protein diets. Maintaining proper hydration and adjusting dietary habits can help prevent their formation.

Cystine Stones

Cystine stones are a rare type of kidney stone that develop in individuals with cystinuria, a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete excessive amounts of cystine, an amino acid. These stones tend to recur and may require lifelong management through increased hydration and medication to reduce cystine levels in the urine.

Causes

Sepsis (Blood Infection)

A severe infection can spread into the bloodstream, becoming life-threatening.

Hydronephrosis

Swelling of the kidney due to urine buildup from blocked drainage, leading to kidney damage.

Bladder Obstruction

Large stones can obstruct urine flow, causing difficulty in urination, bladder distension, and infections

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